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Public diplomacy (Israel) : ウィキペディア英語版
Public diplomacy (Israel)
Public diplomacy in Israel (also hasbara, (ヘブライ語:הַסְבָּרָה) ''hasbará'', "explaining") refers to public relations efforts to disseminate abroad positive information or propaganda about the State of Israel and its actions.〔 The word 'hasbara' means, literally, 'explanation.'" Fein, Leonard. (Spinning Out Of Control ), ''The Forward'', July 19, 2002.〕〔 "known by the prosaic Hebrew term 'hasbara,' ('explanation')"〕 The term is used by the Israeli government and its supporters to describe efforts to explain government policies and promote Israel in the face of negative press, and to counter what they see as delegitimisation of Israel around the world. ''Hasbara'' means "explanation", and is also a euphemism for propaganda.〔''(Propaganda and mass persuasion: a historical encyclopedia, 1500 to the present )'' By Nicholas John Cull, David Holbrook Culbert, David Welch, ABC-Clio (2003), ISBN 1-57607-820-5, page 191〕〔("Israel admits it has an image problem" ), ''The National'', March 16, 2010〕
==Meaning of the term==

While ''hasbara'' literally means "explanation", its exact import in its current usage is debated. Gideon Meir has said that there is no "real, precise" translation of the word ''hasbara'' in English or any other language, and has characterized it as public diplomacy,〔(What “Hasbara” Is Really All About ). Meir, Gideon, 24 May 2005〕 an action undertaken by all governments around the world with the growing importance of what Harvard professor Joseph Nye termed soft power. Gary Rosenblatt describes it as "advocacy".〔Rosenblatt, Gary. (‘Hasbara’ Goes Prime Time ), ''The Jewish Week'', 12/03/2004.〕
''Hasbara'' has been described as "pro-Israel propaganda,"〔Guttman, Nathan. "Dancing the Hasbara", ''Moment'', August 2006.〕 and "the new user-friendly term for Israeli propaganda" but while "propaganda strives to highlight the positive aspects of one side of a conflict, ''hasbara'' seeks to explain actions, whether or not they are justified."〔, from archive.org〕
Historian Giora Goodman considers "hasbara" to mean "propaganda" in practice, explaining
The term "propaganda" acquired a pejorative sense during the first half of the twentieth century. Accordingly, British and American propagandists used "information" to describe their work and the positive-sounding word ''hasbara'' has generally been preferred in Hebrew. "Propaganda", ''ta’amula'' in Hebrew, is mostly reserved for what opponents do, but the term was often used by the Zionist movement to portray its own efforts to influence mass audiences.


抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)
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